Network switching device with concurrent key lookups

ABSTRACT

A switching device for forwarding network traffic to a desired destination on a network, such as a telephone or computer network. The switching device includes multiple ports and uses a lookup table to determine which port to forward network traffic over. The lookup table includes network addresses that are maintained in ascending or descending order. The switching device includes multiple binary search engines coupled in series including one or more precursor binary search engines and a final stage binary search engine. Together, the binary search engines perform an N iteration binary search. Additionally, a single search engine can perform multiple concurrent searches so that source and destination addresses can be obtained simultaneously and without wasted memory cycles.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is based on provisional U.S. patent application Serial No. 60/072,280 filed Jan. 23, 1998, and entitled "Forwarding Database Lookup Technique."

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates generally to networks, such as telephone and computer networks, and, more particularly, relates to routing information through such networks.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

A network allows two or more parties to communicate with each other. In their simplest form, networks generally include transmission lines and switching devices (e.g., routers, switches, switching routers, etc.). The transmission lines carry signals (e.g., electrical, optical, etc.), while the switching devices are intermediate stations that establish temporary connections between transmission lines. In telephone networks, for example, a caller's line goes to a switching device where the actual connection is made to the called party. In computer networks, devices such as routers receive messages on the network and forward the messages to their correct destinations. Computer networks can be as small as a local area network (LAN) consisting of a few computers, printers, and other devices, or it can consist of many computers distributed over a vast geographical area (e.g., the Internet).

An example computer network 10 is shown in FIG. 1A. The network includes two local segments 12 and 14, and connection to a remote network 16. Nodes, labeled as A-J, represent computers connected to the local segments. A switching device 20 includes three ports 22-24 and switches network traffic between segments 12, 14, and the remote network 16. Network 16 may also include switching devices, such as switching device 21, which then connects other segments (not shown) to the network. Switching device 20 allows the nodes on one segment to communicate with nodes on other segments and to other switching devices. The nodes communicate with each other through a protocol (e.g., HTTP, TCP/IP, SMB, etc.) which allows the nodes to transmit and receive network frames (a network frame includes a destination address, a source address, and a data field). When switching device 20 receives a frame from a node, it analyzes the destination address by searching a lookup table 26, shown in FIG. 1B. Lookup table 26 includes table entries having a network address field and a port field. When the destination address is matched to a network address in the lookup table, switching device 20 determines which port to forward the frame to by obtaining the port number corresponding to the matched network address. For example, if node A on segment 12 sends a message to node H on segment 14, switching device 20 receives the message from node A and in response searches the entries in the network address field of lookup table 26. Table entry 28 contains the network address for H. A corresponding port field 30 for network address H indicates that the frame should be forwarded over port 2. Additional background information on switches can be found in a number of references, such as Fast Ethernet (1997) by L. Quinn et al., Computer Networks (3rd Ed. 1996 by A. Tannenbaum, and High-Speed Networking with LAN Switches (1997) by G. Held, all of which are incorporated herein by reference.

The switching device can obtain the network addresses for the lookup table in different ways, depending on the particular implementation of the switching device. For example, the switching device may snoop network traffic so that when a frame is received on a port, the switching device determines if the frame's source address is in the table and, if it is not, adds an entry containing the source address and the inbound port to the table. Thus, the switching device is said to "learn" addresses and port numbers from any frame that is transmitted by a node. Another technique some switching devices (e.g., routers) use to obtain the lookup table is from other switching devices through a special protocol. Thus, routers supply network addresses to each other to supplement their lookup tables.

Consequently, when a network frame is received in a switch, both the source and destination addresses must be searched in the lookup table--the source address for "learning" and the destination address for forwarding. To search the lookup table, a single search engine (not shown) within the switch 20 sequentially accesses lookup table entries and compares the entries to the destination address in the network frame. After the search for the destination address is completed, a second independent search is performed for the source address. An example timing diagram 40 for the search engine is shown in FIG. 2. During a first clock cycle 42, the search engine accesses the lookup table and obtains a network address. During a second clock cycle 44, the search engine compares a network address obtained from the lookup table to the destination address. The first and second clock cycles together form a single iteration of the search. If there is no match, the search engine loads an address for the next lookup table entry to analyze. The process is repeated during clock cycles 46 and 48 (a second iteration), and so on until a match is found or the search fails. After the search for the destination address is completed, a second search is performed for the source address. Unfortunately, given current memory and ASIC speed limitations, the above-described technique for searching the lookup table is too slow to meet the requirements of recently-developed gigabit switches. Additionally, with sequential searching, the lookup table is only accessed every other clock cycle, wasting valuable time.

An objective of the present invention, therefore, is to provide a high-speed network switching device that can quickly and efficiently search through address lookup tables and that overcomes the limitations of the prior art.

SUMMARY OF INVENTION

The present invention provides a switching device (e.g., router, switch, switching router, telephone switch, etc.) that forwards network traffic to a desired destination on a network, such as a telephone or computer network. The switching device includes multiple ports and uses a lookup table to determine which port to forward network traffic over. The network traffic is typically in the form of network frames that include source and destination addresses.

In one aspect of the invention, the lookup table includes network addresses that are maintained in sorted order (e.g., ascending or descending order) to facilitate binary searches. Additionally, multiple binary search engines are connected in series and perform multiple binary searches simultaneously. Rather than having each binary search engine perform an independent search, the binary search engines each perform a predetermined number of iterations of an N iteration search. Additionally, each search engine has a separate memory, which stores only data (nodes from the lookup table) necessary for its respective iterations of the search. When a search engine completes its iterations of the search, the results are passed to the next search engine in the series. The next search engine uses the results from the previous search engine as a starting point to performing its respective iterations of the binary search. The number of search engines connected in series (also called pipelining) can vary between two and N, where N is the number of iterations needed for a binary search to complete. If N search engines are used, each search engine performs only one iteration.

By pipelining search engines, increased throughput is achieved. Additionally, by storing only the data necessary for a predetermined number of iterations, very little memory space is needed. For example, a lookup table with 64K entries requires 16 iterations (2¹⁶ =64K) to search the entire table using a binary search. If two search engines are used, each search engine performs 8 iterations each. The first search engine's memory only stores 256 entries (2⁸), while the second search engine stores either all 64K entries or the remainder of the entries after extraction of the 256 entries from the lookup table.

In another aspect of the invention, each search engine may perform concurrent source and destination searches of the lookup table. That is, during one clock cycle, the search engine performs part of a search for the destination address of the network frame and during the next clock cycle the search engine performs part of a search for a source address. Thus, one search engine performs two independent searches concurrently. Moreover, while the lookup table is being accessed for the destination address, the source address from the previous look up is being analyzed so that a next source address may be calculated. Likewise, when the lookup table is being accessed for the source address, the previously obtained destination address is analyzed. The concurrent source and destination address lookups allow the search engines to search at twice the speed of search engines performing linear searches. Additionally, the lookup table is accessed during every clock cycle rather than sitting idle during some clock cycles. Performing concurrent searches is independent of the algorithm used. Thus, binary, linear, CAM, binary radix trees, hashing and other types of searches can be used.

It will be recognized by those skilled in the art that the two described aspects of the invention can be performed independent of one another. That is, a switching device may have just one binary search engine (as opposed to multiple search engines in series) that performs concurrent source and destination address searches. Additionally, a switching device may have multiple search engines connected in series wherein the search engines do not perform concurrent searches. Alternatively, a switching device may include both aspects with search engines coupled in series and with the search engines performing concurrent searches.

These advantages and other advantages and features of the inventions will become apparent from the following detailed description, which proceeds with reference to the following drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A shows a known network containing multiple segments connected through a switching device.

FIG. 1B shows a known lookup table stored in the switching device for identifying nodes connected to the segments.

FIG. 2 shows a timing diagram of a search engine within the switching device of FIG. 1A.

FIG. 3 shows a switching device according to one aspect of the invention with two binary search engines coupled in series.

FIG. 4A shows a lookup table in sorted order according to another aspect of the invention.

FIG. 4B shows the lookup table of FIG. 4A in binary tree format and showing four iterations of a binary search.

FIG. 4C shows a memory configuration for a switching device having four search engines with each search engine performing one of the iterations of FIG. 4B.

FIG. 4D shows search results that are passed between search engines from binary searches performed on the lookup table of FIG. 4A.

FIG. 5 shows a flowchart of a method for forwarding network frames in the switching device of FIG. 3.

FIG. 6 shows a flowchart of a method for performing different iterations of a binary search in separate binary search engines.

FIG. 7 shows a detailed circuit diagram of a binary search engine according to another aspect of the invention where source and destination searches are performed concurrently.

FIG. 8A shows a flowchart of a method for concurrently performing source and destination searches using the binary search engine of FIG. 7.

FIG. 8B is a timing diagram for the binary search engine of FIG. 7.

FIG. 9 shows another example of a lookup table using pointers to access the network addresses.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF AN ILLUSTRATIVE EMBODIMENT

FIG. 3 shows a switching device 50 having a port 52 and port intercommunication logic 54. Port 52 includes a media interface 56, a primary memory 58, and a search engine 60. The search engine 60 includes temporary packet storage 62, packet analysis and key extraction logic 64, two internal binary search engines 66, 68, a first stage memory 70, and forwarding decision logic 72. There are multiple ports (not shown) in switching device 50. One or more ports are located on channel cards (not shown) mounted in a chassis. The number of ports and how the ports and port intercommunication logic 54 are mounted within a chassis are based on the particular application and are not important to the invention.

Media interface 56 connects switching device 50 to a network (not shown) through a network cable 74. The network cable can take a variety of forms (e.g., fiber optic, twisted-pair, coaxial, etc.) depending on the type of network. A variety of network standards and protocols may be used, such as TCP/IP, IPX/SPX, FDDI, ATM, ETHERNET, GIGABIT ETHERNET, FAST ETHERNET, Token Ring, SONET, 100-base TX, etc.. Other network protocols, standards, and network cables now existing or later developed may be used with the invention, since these particular aspects are not important to the invention. Media interface 56 is a communication link between search engine 60 and the network. Thus, media interface 56 allows search engine 60 to send network frames in any desired format and media interface 56 reformats the frames for the particular network. Similarly, media interface 56 receives network frames from the network and formats the frames so they may be read by search engine 60. The media interface used is based on the particular application and is not important to understanding the invention.

Temporary packet storage 62 within search engine 60 holds the network frame temporarily while other components within the search engine determine where to forward the network frame to, as is further described below. In some circumstances, a decision may be made to not forward the packet at all. In such cases, the network frame is never passed to the port intercommunication logic. Depending on the size of the network frame, the temporary packet storage 62 may hold several network frames, or, alternatively, only a portion of a network frame as it is forwarded to another port.

Packet analysis and key extraction logic 64 extracts the source and destination addresses from the network frame and forwards the addresses to the first binary search engine 66. The packet analysis and key extraction logic 64 may also pass additional information to the binary search engine 66, such as virtual LAN information that comes with the network frame or is derived based on the type of network frame. This additional information is appended to the source and destination addresses to form a key. One skilled in the art will recognize that the key may include any desired information, depending on the particular application. For example, the key may contain only the destination address, or only the source and destination addresses, or the source and destination addresses and additional information. For simplicity, the key is described generically below as being the source and destination addresses.

Binary search engines 66 and 68 are coupled to respective memories 58 and 70. The memories together store a lookup table that the binary search engines use for analyzing network frames received from media interface 56. A portion of an example lookup table is shown in FIG. 4 and is further described below. A management processor (not shown) is coupled to search engines 66, 68 and maintains the lookup table in memories 58, 70. Specifically, the management processor may direct the search engines to delete old table entries, insert new table entries and generally maintain the table in sorted order so that the search engine 60 performs searches efficiently and correctly.

As is described in detail below, binary search engines 66, 68 perform a binary search on the lookup table. A binary search is a technique for searching a sorted table where successive midpoints of the table are determined and compared against a search term. Thus, to start the search the midpoint of the table is compared against the search term. By using the midpoint, the table is effectively divided into two parts and a determination is made as to which of the two parts the search term must reside in. Only the part that has the search term is analyzed and the other part is ignored. The midpoint of the pertinent part is then determined to divide the table into two more parts, and so on until the key is found or the search fails. Binary searches are understood in the art and are described in a text entitled Design and Analysis of Algorithms by Jeffrey D. Smith, 1989. Binary searches require a predetermined number of "iterations" to complete. The number of iterations depends on the size of the lookup table and follows the formula log₂ N=number of iterations, where N is the number of entries in the table. Thus, a 64K table requires 16 iterations to complete a binary search, while a 256 entry table requires 8 iterations to complete.

One aspect of the invention is that the binary search engines divide the binary search of the lookup table by each performing some of the iterations of the overall search. For example, if the lookup table has 64K entries, the binary search engine 66 performs the first eight iterations of the search and binary search engine 68 performs the last eight iterations. Additionally, the first stage memory 70 does not contain the entire lookup table. Instead, it only contains 256 entries needed for the first eight iterations of the search. The 256 entries are determined and copied from the lookup table and include the successive midpoint combinations from the lookup table needed for the first eight iterations. Once the binary search engine 66 completes its eight iterations, the results are passed to binary search engine 68. Binary search engine 68 then uses the results as a starting point for its eight iterations of the binary search. A substantial amount of memory is saved by only using successive midpoint combinations in the memory 70. Additionally, although two search engines are shown, any desired number of search engines may be used. For example, for a 16 iteration search, 16 binary search engines can be used with each search engine performing one iteration. Alternatively, 4 binary search engines may be used with each binary search engine performing 4 iterations. Still further, the partitioning of iterations across search engines need not be equal. Also, the lookup table can be any desired length. Consequently, the binary search engines can perform any number of iterations depending on the particular application.

After binary search engine 68 completes the binary search, the results are passed to forwarding decision logic 72, which examines the results and applies a predetermined set of rules to determine whether the network frame should be forwarded and which port or ports it should be forwarded to. Forwarding decision logic may also examine the level of priority of the network frame. Higher priority frames are typically forwarded by the switching device 50 before lower priority frames.

When the forwarding decision logic 72 determines that a frame is to be forwarded to other ports in switching device 50, it passes the network frame to the port intercommunication logic 54. Port intercommunication logic 54 includes a switch fabric 76 and a switch fabric control 78. Switch fabric 76 can take a variety of forms. For example, the switch fabric can be a cross-bar switch, which is commonly used in telecommunications switching. The cross-bar switch creates a path between a receiving port and a transmitting port so that the network frame may be passed therebetween. A wide variety of cross-bar switches may be used, such as cut-through switches, interim cut-through switches, and store-and-forward switches. Other types of switch fabrics may also be used. For example, switch fabric 76 may also be a central memory using a bus arbitration device and a central bus. Using a shared-memory bus architecture, all ports access a central located memory pool. The ports can access the central memory through a common bus when an arbitration device grants access. Another possible switch fabric that can be used is a parallel access shared-memory architecture. In a parallel access shared memory, all ports share a central memory location. However, a bus arbitration scheme is not used. Instead, every port has a dedicated path into and out of the central memory fabric. Therefore, all ports can simultaneously access the centralized memory pool at any time. A wide variety of existing switch fabrics or later developed switch fabrics may also be used. The particular switch fabric and switch fabric control is not of importance to the invention.

Switch fabric control 78 controls network frames as they are passed through the switch fabric. In the case where the switch fabric is a cross-bar switch, the switch fabric control is typically called a scheduler. The scheduler establishes a connection within the cross-bar switch so that a search engine on one port can directly pass a network frame to a search engine on another port. In the case where the switch fabric is a memory, the switch fabric control tells a receiveside search engine where to store the frame in memory. After the frame is stored in memory, the switch fabric control signals a transmitting-side port that the network frame is ready to be transmitted and provides the address of the memory location where the frame in located. The switch fabric control may also provide priority information to the transmitting-side port.

FIG. 5 shows a flow chart of a method used by the switching device 50 for forwarding network frames. In step 80, the media interface 56 receives a network frame from the network and passes the frame to search engine 60. The network frame contains a destination address that indicates the ultimate destination for the network frame. In step 82, search engine 60 searches memories 58, 70 to determine whether the destination address from the network frame is located within the lookup table. If a network address matches the destination address, a port that the frame should be forward to is also obtained from the lookup table. Assuming that the destination address was properly found in the lookup table and the appropriate port was determined, the search engine passes the search results to switch fabric control 78 (step 84). In step 86, search engine 60 transfers the network frame through switch fabric 76. If the switch fabric is a cross-bar switch, the switch fabric control 78 establishes the connection in the switch fabric and communicates to search engine 60 when to send the network frame. If the switch fabric is a central memory with or without bus arbitration, the switch fabric control tells search engine 60 where in the switch fabric to store the network frame. Search engine 60 then stores the network frame at the indicated location. The switch fabric control also informs the other ports of where the network frame is stored so that they may properly access it within the switch fabric. Regardless of the technique used with the switch fabric, the network frame is obtained from the switch fabric and transmitted on one or more ports (step 88).

FIG. 4A shows an example lookup table 100 having 16 data entries, 0000B through 1111B. Each table entry includes two or more fields including, an address field 102, illustrated as a network address, and a forwarding information field 104, illustrated as a port number. Although a network address field is shown, other addresses used in switching devices may be used. The forwarding information field also may contain information other than the port number. For example, the forwarding information field may analyze information related to the protocol format (e.g., MAC) that the address is in to determine which port to forward the network frame to. The network address field 102 contains network addresses in sorted order (e.g., ascending or descending order). The port number field 104 contains the port associated with the network address field. One or more of these data fields may be deleted, or alternatively, additional fields may be used. Additional fields may, for example, show a priority status associated with the network address. The network address field 102 identifies a destination to transmit the network frame to, such as a computer on a network. The network address field is used as a key for accessing the other fields (often called a payload) in a table entry. Address 0000B is empty so that the lookup table contains an odd number of entries. The midpoint of the table is at address 1000B and the lookup table can be equally divided into two portions 106 and 108 with equal numbers of data entries. The first portion 106 can similarly be divided into two portions 110, 112 with a midpoint at address 0100B. The second portion 108 also can be divided into two portions 114, 116 with a midpoint at address 1100B. By determining successive midpoints, a binary search tree can be generated.

FIG. 4B shows a binary search tree 118 for the lookup table 100 of FIG. 4A. The search tree shows four iterations, which are the maximum number of iterations required for any search on a 16 entry table (i.e., 2⁴ =16). The tree is formed by determining the successive midpoints, called nodes, in the lookup table as described in relation to FIG. 4A. To perform a binary search, the search term is compared against the network address located at the midpoint address 1000B of the lookup table (i.e., 26). If the search term is less than 26, it is compared to 14. Alternatively, if it is greater than 26 it is compared to 38, and so on, until a match is found or the search fails. Each comparison that is performed is another iteration of the binary search.

FIG. 4C shows that the different iterations of the binary search may be divided amongst 4 different binary search engines connected in series. A memory 120 for a first search engine only requires one data entry (one node) for the first iteration of the binary search, which represents the midpoint of the lookup table. A memory 122 for a second search engine requires two data entries for the second iteration, which represent the midpoints of portions 106 and 108 of the lookup table 100 (See FIG. 4A). A memory 124 for a third search engine contains additional successive midpoints of the lookup table needed for the third iteration. And a memory 126 for a fourth search engine contains the remaining data entries of the lookup table. The fourth memory 126 may also contain the entire lookup table 100. The memories 120, 122, and 124 (called the precursor memories) may include only the network address field of the lookup table, without any payload fields. Alternatively, the precursor memories 120, 122, and 124 may include the payload information so that the lookup table is effectively distributed amongst many memories, even though it is a unitary database. In any event, the precursor memories contain successive midpoint possibilities (nodes) for the different iterations of a binary search and the nodes are stored adjacent to one another. The precursor memories could contain additional table entries other than just the successive midpoint possibilities, if desired.

FIG. 4D shows an example of data passed between the four search engines of FIG. 4C in searching for the network address 17 (the key) located at address 0101 in the lookup table (see FIG. 4A). As comparisons are made during iterations of the binary search, the final address of 0101 is generated. That is, the first search engine generates the most significant bit, the last search engine generates the least significant bit, and the intermediate two bits are generated by the intermediate search engines. When a comparison is made, if the key is less than the network address obtained from the lookup table, a zero is passed to the next search engine. Alternatively, if the key is greater than the network address, a one is passed to the next search engine. Thus, with the key being 17, the first search engine compares 26 (the first iteration) and 17. Since 17 is less than 26, a 0 is passed to the next search engine in series as indicated at 128. The 0 represents the most significant bit of the final address where the network address 17 resides in the lookup table. The next search engine then compares 17 against 14, since 38 is no longer a possibility. Since 17 is greater than 14, the next bit in the address is a 1. Consequently, a 1 is appended to the most significant bit and a 01 is passed to the next search engine as indicated at 130. The next search engine then compares 17 and 20. Since 17 is less than 20, a 0 is appended to the previous passed address resulting in a 010 being passed to search engine 4, as indicated at 132. The last search engine must then compare 17 against 17 to obtain an address of 0101, which is the appropriate address in the lookup table (See FIG. 4A at 134).

FIG. 6 shows a flowchart of a method for performing binary searches as described in FIGS. 4A-4D. In step 136, multiple search engines are coupled in series. Virtually any number of search engines may be used. For example, FIG. 3 shows two search engines, while FIG. 4C describes using four search engines. The invention can easily be extended to eight, sixteen, or any other number of search engines. Each search engine that performs iterations of the binary search has its own separate memory (step 138). The memories for the search engines store nodes (the network address field with or without the payload information) needed for that search engine to perform its respective iterations of the binary search (step 140). The nodes are the successive midpoint possibilities of the lookup table in binary tree format. In step 142, a first search engine in the series performs a predetermined number of iterations of the binary search. The results of the iterations are then passed to the next search engine in the series (step 144). In step 146, a check is performed to see whether the results are being passed to the last search engine in the series. If not, then steps 142 and 144 are repeated. If yes, then the final iterations of the binary search are performed and the results are passed to the forwarding decision logic (step 148).

Although a wide variety of binary search engines can be used in the method and apparatus described in FIGS. 1-6, a particular search engine is shown in relation to FIGS. 7, 8A, and 8B. This search engine can also be used independently of the method and apparatus of FIGS. 1-6. In particular, the search engine can be used with searching techniques other than binary searches including linear searches, CAM, binary radix trees, hashing, etc.

Prior search engines perform a search for the source address from the network frame and, only when the source address search is completed, perform a search for the destination address (See FIG. 2). The present invention, by contrast, performs both source and destination address searches concurrently. FIG. 7 shows a search engine 160 coupled to a memory 162 containing a lookup table. The search engine 160 includes a source address comparator 164 and a destination address comparator 166. The source address comparator 164 has one input coupled to a source address (SA) search key. This SA search key is the source address obtained from the network frame and passed to the binary search engine 160 by the packet analysis and key extraction logic 64 (see FIG. 3). A second input to comparator 164 is coupled to a source address data register 168 that contains a network address most recently obtained from memory 162 during a previous iteration of the source address search. The destination address comparator 166 also has two inputs with one coupled to a destination address (DA) search key obtained from the network frame and the other input coupled to a destination address data register 170 containing a network address obtained from the memory 162 during a previous iteration of the destination address search. The output of the comparators 164, 166 are coupled to respective next address calculation logic circuits 172, 174. The next address calculation logic circuits 172, 174 use the lookup table address from the previous search iteration and the results of the comparators 164, 166 to determine the next lookup table address to analyze. The logic circuits 172, 174 make such a determination of the next address based on the nodes (i.e., successive midpoints) of the lookup table in the case of a binary search. In the case, of a linear search, the next address is simply the previous address plus one. Thus, the logic circuits 172, 174 perform different functions based on the application. The outputs of logic circuits 172, 174 are coupled to respective SA and DA address registers 176, 178. The outputs of the address registers 176, 178 are coupled to multiplexer 180 and are also fed back into next address calculation logic 172, 174, respectively. The multiplexer 180 is coupled to a clock line 182 that switches a multiplexer output so that the contents of the SA address register 176 and the DA address register 178 are passed to memory 162 in an alternating fashion. The contents of the SA and DA address registers 176, 178 contain an address of a lookup table entry and when applied to memory 162 causes the memory to output data (i.e., a network address) on a data output 184. Clock 182 is also coupled to both data registers 168, 170 and is synchronized so that data is latched into source data register 168 when the multiplexer 180 passes the contents of source address register 176. Similarly, data register 170 latches the data output 184 of memory when the address stored in DA address register 178 passes through the multiplexer 180. Search termination logic 185 determines when a search is complete by analyzing outputs of the address registers 176, 178 and the comparators 164, 166. An output of the search termination logic 185 can be passed to the forwarding decision logic 72 (see FIG. 2) or to another search engine connected in series to signal when a search is complete and to pass the results of the search.

FIG. 8B shows a timing diagram for the circuit of FIG. 7. A clock signal 186 is at twice the frequency of the clock on clock line 182. Three cycles 188, 190, and 192 of clock signal 186 are shown. During a first clock cycle 188, the SA address register 176 (FIG. 7) is already loaded with a lookup table address and the multiplexer 180 passes that address to the memory 162. Consequently, memory 162 outputs data (a network address) on data output 184 corresponding to the address in the SA address register. At the end of cycle 188, the source data register 168 is loaded with the data from the memory 162. Also during cycle 188, logic circuit 174 is calculating the next lookup table address to analyze for the destination address search and the results are stored in DA address register 178. Clock cycle 188 represents the start of a source address search iteration.

During clock cycle 190, comparator 164 compares the SA search key and the SA data register 168. The next address calculation logic 172 determines the next lookup table address to analyze for the search, and the results are loaded into the SA address register 176. Also during clock cycle 190, the output of the DA address register is passed through multiplexer 180 and the corresponding data from memory 162 is latched into DA data register 170. Clock 190 represents the start of a destination address search iteration. At the end of clock cycle 190, the source address search iteration is completed. Thus, clock cycles 188, 190 represent a complete source address search iteration in a search requiring multiple iterations.

During clock cycle 192, another source address search iteration is started and the destination address search iteration is completed. The comparator 166 compares the DA search key and the output of the DA data register 170. The next address calculation logic 174 calculates the next lookup table address to examine and loads the calculated address into the DA address register. Thus, during the three clock cycles 188, 190, and 192 both a source and destination address search iterations are performed concurrently. Additionally, the source and destination address searches are independent of each other.

The hardware of FIG. 7 can be modified while maintaining the same timing diagram of FIG. 8B. For example, the multiplexer 180 can be removed and the address registers 176, 178 can have tristate outputs with the clock line 182 coupled to the address registers 176, 178. Thus, the clock switches the address registers 176, 178 in alternating fashion onto a common bus attached to memory 162. Other modifications can also be made to the hardware, but the general timing diagram of FIG. 8B should remain the same.

FIG. 8A is a flowchart summarizing the steps for concurrently performing source and destination address searches. During a first clock cycle, a network address is obtained from the lookup table as a first phase of a source address iteration (step 194). During a second clock cycle (step 196), the network address is compared to the SA search key. The next address calculation logic 172 reads the comparator 164 and determines what lookup table address should be accessed next. Also during the second cycle, the lookup table is accessed for the next network address needed for a first phase of a destination address iteration and the source address iteration is completed. Finally, during a third cycle (step 198), the destination address iteration is completed by resolving the next network address to analyze for the destination address search. Also, the first phase of the source address iteration is repeated. Although only three clock cycles are shown, the clock is continuous.

A wide variety of searching techniques can be used with the concurrent search embodiment including binary, linear, CAM, binary radix trees, hashing and other types of searches.

FIG. 9 shows another example of a lookup table 200 that may be used according to the invention. The lookup table includes a list of pointers 202 and network address data 204 stored in the memory within the switching device. The pointers point to the network address data 204. An example of actual memory addresses is shown in column 206 for illustrative purposes. Notably, neither the network addresses 204 nor the list of pointers 202 are stored in sorted order. However, the contents of data pointed to by the list of pointers 202 are stored in sorted order. For example, a pointer 208 points to address 107, which contains network address 159:22:0. A next pointer 210 in the list points to address 108 which contains the network address 159:22:99. The next pointer 212 points to address 106 which contains the network address 159:66:123. Although the list of pointers 208, 210, and 212 are not in order (since the pointers are 107, 108, 106, respectively) the data pointed to by the pointers is in order since addresses 159:22:0, 159:22:99 and 159:66:123 are in ascending order.

Thus, the lookup table according to the invention does not need to have data stored in contiguous addresses. Instead, network addresses may be in one memory location and forwarding information (such as port numbers) may be stored in other locations of memory. Pointers or some other technique for linking associated data is then used.

Having described and illustrated the principles of our invention with reference to preferred embodiments thereof, it will be apparent that these embodiments can be modified in arrangement and detail without departing from the principles of the invention.

For example, although the port is shown as including separate components, such components can be formed in a single integrated circuit. Additionally, other circuit components, such as the port intercommunication logic 54 can also be included in the same integrated circuit as the port 52.

Additionally, any of the components of the switching device can be performed by hardware, software, or a combination thereof. The invention should not be limited to the particular technique (whether hardware or software) for carrying out the methods and apparatus described herein. For example, the search engine can be a microprocessor running software or an ASIC where the searches are performed in hardware.

Further, although the search engines are generally shown performing equal iterations of binary searches, it is not necessarily so. That is, the search engines can perform unequal iterations of searches. For example, in a 16 iteration search, a first search engine can perform 9 iterations and a second search engine can perform 7 iterations. Other variations in the number of iterations can easily be applied and depends on the particular application and number of search engines used.

Still further, although the search engine of FIG. 7 shows two comparators and two next address calculation logic circuits, one of each may be used instead, with the clock controlling whether the SA, address register or the DA address register is read by the next address calculation logic circuit. Additionally, the clock controls the single comparator so that only one of the DA data register and SA data register are compared at a time to one of the SA and DA search keys.

Still yet further, although the lookup table is shown as having all memory locations filled, in practice this is not generally the case. Instead, the memory has only a portion filled with lookup table values and the remaining portion is padded with dummy values. For example, the table of FIG. 4A may have only 9 lookup table entries with the remaining memory locations containing dummy values. In the case of an ascending table, the dummy values are a number sufficiently large enough that no network address can be confused with them. In the case of a descending table, the dummy values are a number sufficiently small enough that no network address can be confused with them. Additionally, the lookup table of FIG. 4A contains only 16 entries for illustration. In practice, lookup tables contain hundreds of thousands of entries.

Still further, although the lookup table is shown as containing table entries with multiple fields, the lookup table may be a list of pointers, and the pointers point to the network addresses and other fields. Additionally, the lookup table can be any type of data structure or array that store data.

Yet further, the network packets can include any kind of data including video images, voice data during a phone call, a document, etc.

Still further, when a port receives a network frame, it can analyze the destination address (at layer two and layer three) and it can also analyze layer 4 policy information if desired.

Still yet further, the present invention may be applied to LAN's, WAN's, the Internet, Intranets, telephone networks, or any other network.

Additionally, although the lookup table is described as containing network addresses, the lookup table may include other keys. A key may include a network address exclusively or in combination with additional information. Alternatively, a key may include lookup information other than network addresses. Additionally, the switching device may receive network frames that include search keys. Alternatively, the search key may be derived from the network frame. For example, the search engine may use characteristics of the network frame, such as what port it was received on or what protocol format it is in, to derive the search key. The search key, which is either explicitly included in the network frame or derived therefrom, is compared to the lookup table which includes lookup keys.

In view of the many possible embodiments to which the principles or invention may be applied, it should be recognized that the illustrated embodiment is only a preferred example of the invention and should not be taken as a limitation on the scope of the invention. Rather, the invention is defined by the following claims. We therefore claim as the invention all such embodiments that come within the scope of these claims. 

We claim:
 1. A network forwarding device, comprising N search engines connected in series, where N is an integer greater than one, each search engine including a memory having one or more addresses of database entries stored therein, each search engine configured to perform first and second independent searches concurrently on the database by accessing its respective memory during successive clock cycles and alternating between accessing memory for an iteration of the first search and an iteration of the second search, each of the first (N-1) search engines further configured to pass results of its iteration of the first and second searches to a next search engine in the series for a next search iteration.
 2. The network forwarding device of claim 1 wherein the memory includes a memory address input and further including first and second address registers having outputs coupled to the memory address input and a clock for switching the memory address input so that on successive clock cycles the memory address input switches between address data on the output of the first address register and address data on the output of the second address register.
 3. The network forwarding device of claim 1 wherein the search engine further includes two address registers, one for storing an address for accessing the memory for the first search and another for storing an address for accessing the memory for the second search.
 4. The network forwarding device of claim 1 wherein the search engine further includes first and second address registers and first and second comparators, the first and second address registers for storing addresses for accessing memory for the first and second searches, respectively, and the first and second comparators for comparing the results from the memory accesses to search keys relating to the first and second searches.
 5. The network forwarding device of claim 1 further including first and second address registers for accessing memory for the first and second searches, respectively, and a multiplexer coupled between the first and second address registers and the memory for switching a memory input between the first and second address registers on successive clock cycles.
 6. The network forwarding device of claim 1 further including first and second search keys and first and second comparators with the first search key coupled to the first comparator and the second search key coupled to the second comparator, the first and second comparators for reading output data from the memory during successive clock cycles and comparing the output data from the memory to the first and second search keys.
 7. The network forwarding device of claim 1 further including first and second address registers for accessing memory on successive clock cycles and search termination logic coupled to the first and second address registers for determining if the searches are complete and for outputting results of the searches.
 8. A network forwarding device, comprising:N search engines connected in series, where N is an integer greater than one, each search engine including:a memory having an address input and a data output; a first comparator having an input coupled to a first search key; a second comparator having an input coupled to a second search key; a first address register coupled to the first comparator for storing an address relating to a first search and coupled to the address input of the memory; a second address register coupled to the second comparator for storing an address relating to a second search and coupled to the address input of the memory; and a clock signal for switching the address input of memory on successive clock cycles between addresses from the first and second address registers so that the first and second searches are performed concurrently; wherein, each of the first (N-1) search engines is configured to pass results of its first and second searches to a next search engine in that series for a next search iteration.
 9. The network forwarding device of claim 8 having a multiplexer coupled between the address registers and the memory and coupled to the clock for switching the address input of the memory between the first address register and the second address register.
 10. The network forwarding device of claim 8 further including first and second data registers coupled to the clock signal and the data output from the memory, the first data register for latching data on the data output of the memory when an address from the first address register is on the address input of the memory and the second data register for latching data on the data output of the memory when an address from the second address register is on the address input of the memory.
 11. The network forwarding device of claim 8 further including a first address calculation logic circuit coupled between the first comparator and the first address register and a second address calculation logic circuit coupled between the second comparator and the second address register, the address calculation logic circuits for determining next addresses to store in the first and second address registers.
 12. The network forwarding device of claim 8 wherein the first and second address registers have tristate outputs controlled by the clock signal.
 13. A network forwarding device comprising N search engines connected in series, where N is an integer greater than one, each search engine including a memory for storing one or more addresses of lookup table entries, each search engine performing iterations of two independent searches within three clock cycles, wherein during at least one of the three clock cycles an iteration of one of the searches is completing while an iteration of another of the searches is beginning such that there is overlapping between execution of the iterations of the two independent searches, each of the first (N-1) search engines configured to pass results of its first and second searches to a next search engine in that series for a next search iteration.
 14. The network forwarding device of claim 13 wherein the lookup table is accessed three times during the three clock cycles.
 15. The network forwarding device of claim 13 wherein the search engine accesses memory during a first clock cycle for an iteration of a first search and wherein during a second clock cycle the search engine accesses memory for an iteration of a second search and simultaneously analyzes results of the access of memory from the first clock cycle for the iteration of the first search.
 16. The network forwarding device of claim 13 wherein the search engine includes two address registers, one for each of the first and second searches.
 17. In a network forwarding device having N search engines connected in series, where N is an integer greater than one, a method of searching a lookup table, the method comprising the steps of:(a) providing a lookup table including network addresses and forwarding information associated with the network addresses; (b) receiving a network frame that includes a source address and a destination address; (c) storing a lookup address in a source address register; (d) using the lookup address in the source address register to obtain a network address from the lookup table relating to a first search; (e) comparing the network address obtained from the lookup table to the source address from the network frame; (f) if the network address from the lookup table is not equal to the source address from the network frame, calculating a next lookup address and storing the next lookup address in the source address register; (g) during the comparison step (e), using a destination address register to obtain a network address from the lookup table relating to a second search; and (h) passing results of the first and second searches to a next search engine in the series for a next search iteration.
 18. The method of claim 17 further including switching a multiplexer so that the source address register is used to access the lookup table on every other clock cycle and the destination address register is used to access the lookup table on clock cycles that the source address register is not used to access the lookup table.
 19. The method of claim 17 whereby the first and second searches are performed concurrently.
 20. A network forwarding device comprising:a database including a plurality of data entries; a first search engine having a first memory including one or more first addresses to a first set of data entries in the database; a second search engine having a second memory including one or more second addresses to a second set of data entries in the database;wherein, the first search engine performs a first search of the database by comparing a first search key with the first set of data entries, and the second search engine performs a second search of the database by comparing a second search key with at least a portion of the second set of data entries, the first and second searches being performed in series, wherein an output produced by the second search engine is dependent on an output produced by the first search engine.
 21. The network forwarding device of claim 20, wherein the first and second search keys are identical.
 22. The network forwarding device of claim 21, wherein the output produced by the first search engine indicates the portion of the second set of data entries to be searched during the second search.
 23. The network forwarding device of claim 21, wherein the outputs produced by the first and second search engines are portions of an address in the database storing the first search key.
 24. The network forwarding device of claim 21, wherein each of the search engines is configured to perform concurrent searches of two search keys within each of the search engines.
 25. The network forwarding device of claim 24, wherein the two search keys are destination and source addresses. 